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Unit 1
The Hippocratic Oath
Lead-in activities
Topic discussion
1. What should a doctor do for his patients
2. What, in your opinion, can make a qualified doctor How do you understand the word " qualified"
Background introduction
About the author: Hippocrates
1. Greek physician, born in 460 BC on the island of Cos, Greece;
2. the founder of medicine, the greatest physician of his time.
Background introduction
About the author: Hippocrates
3. He based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body. He held the belief that illness had a physical and a rational explanation. He rejected the views of his time that considered illness to be caused by superstitions and by possession of evil spirits and disfavor of the gods.
Background introduction
About the author: Hippocrates
4. He held the belief that the body must be treated as a whole and not just a series of parts. He accurately described disease symptoms and was the first physician to accurately describe the symptoms of pneumonia, as well as epilepsy in children.
About the author: Hippocrates
4. He believed in the natural healing process of rest, a good diet, fresh air and cleanliness. He noted that there were individual differences in the severity of disease symptoms and that some individuals were better able to cope with their disease and illness than others. He was also the first physician that held the belief that thoughts, ideas, and feelings come from the brain and not the heart as others of his time believed.
Background introduction
About the author: Hippocrates
5. Hippocrates traveled throughout Greece practicing his medicine. He founded a medical school on the island of Cos, Greece and began teaching his ideas. He soon developed an Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians to follow. This Oath is taken by physicians today as they begin their medical practice. He died in 377 BC. Today Hippocrates is known as the "Father of Medicine".
Background introduction
About the topic
This oath, the oldest and best-known expression of a medical ethic, was for centuries regarded as the guide for proper medical conduct. Although the accomplishments of modern medicine appear to have taken the discipline far from its ancient roots, the oath continues to offer a powerful account of what it means to be a doctor.
Background introduction
Ancient Greek Medicine
Ancient Greece was much different to the Greece of today. In Ancient Times Greece was a collection of City States. Each of these was independent from the others but shared a similar culture and religious beliefs. Despite the lack of a coherent government, the Greeks developed a society that matched, if not bettered( 改进) , that of the Ancient Egyptians.
Background introduction
Ancient Greek Medicine
Medical practice in Ancient Greece, like Egypt, was based largely upon religious beliefs. The Ancient Greeks made major strides in medical knowledge. The works of Hippocrates and his followers led to several scientific facts, and perhaps more significantly, the work of these philosophers began a tradition of studying the cause of disease rather than looking solely at the symptoms when prescribing a cure._
Background introduction
Apollo: one of the great Greek divinities, associated with light, truth and prophecy.
Asclepius: child of Apollo, the "father of medicine"
Hygieia and Panaceia: daughters of Asclepius, meaning "health, living well, and healing well"
Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version
I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures which are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.
Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version
I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant (Note: a formal solemn agreement) :
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.
Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care ( note: fig. be careful) in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty (note: a weakness of character or behaviour). Above all, I must not play at God.
Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version
I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.
Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.
--Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today.
Text Analysis Para. 1
swear (swore, sworn):
1. to make a very serious promise (严肃的承诺)
swear to do sth. //swear that…..
Caterina swore never to return home.
swear on/by: 以…..发誓
Do you swear on your honor never to disclose the news
Text Analysis Para. 1
swear (swore, sworn):
2. to make a public official promise, especially in a court of law (公开承诺)
swear an oath
3. to use offensive language 冒犯性语言
swear like a trooper 破口大骂
Text Analysis Para.2
To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him
"To treat the person who taught me medicine as dear as my parents; to share with me what I have, and if necessary, to share with me my possession/wealth."
Text Analysis Para.2
in common with sb/sth (modern) : in the same way as someone or something else
In common with a lot of other countries, we're in an economic recession.
Text Analysis Para.2
to teach them this art if they so desire without fee or written promise;…
Here in this sentence we can see "so desire", which means "want or hope for something very much",
e.g. I so desire to visit the famous Buckingham Palace.
However, we can also meet "desire so", which means "want to get or do something that has been mentioned before", e.g. My brother wanted to be a Nobel Prize winner, and I desire so, too.
Text Analysis Para.2
to impart to my sons and the sons of the master who taught me and the disciples who have enrolled themselves and have agreed to the rules of the profession,…
"to give knowledge to my sons and the sons of my teacher and his students, who have decided to study medicine and observe the rules of being a doctor,…"
Text Analysis Para.2
impart: to give information, knowledge, wisdom etc to someone
She imparted the secret to her boyfriend.
enroll: to officially arrange to join a school, university or course, or arrange for someone else to
There were 500 people enrolled in the Western Civilization class.
Text Analysis Para.2
To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death….
"I will never prescribe a deadly drug to please someone, and I will never give my patients any advice that may cause him to die".
Text Analysis Para.2
pessary: a contraceptive chemical
procure( formal): to obtain sth., especially something that is difficult to get
procure sth for sb. Procure sb sth
Text Analysis Para.2
stone: disease
be they free or slaves
subjunctive mood, meaning " whether they are free or slaves"
…in daily commerce with …( old-fashioned)
…in the everyday contact with people (especially, patients) around me…
commerce (modern): the buying and selling of goods and services; trade
Text Analysis Para.2
If I keep this faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot."
If I keep the oath, I will enjoy my life and be a good doctor, I will be respected by all men and all time; however, if I break the oath, I will not enjoy my life, be a good doctor, I will be despised.
Text Analysis Para.2
Swerve: v.
1. to make a sudden sideways movement while moving forwards, especially in order to avoid hitting something
He swerved to avoid a dog.
2. swerve from( formal, usually in negatives)
to change from an idea, course or action, purpose, etc.
He vowed that he would not swerve from his declared aims.
Homework
What do you expect is the Hippocratic Oath's relevance in the 21st century
What is the general condition of today's medical profession
Homework
Translation: 医学生誓言
Reference key to the Exercises
3. 1) took to 2) imparts 3) procure
4) abortion 5) manifest 6) seduction
7) swerved 8) reversed 9) lot
10) commercial
Reference Translation
Text A
希波克拉底誓言经典版
仰赖医神阿波罗·埃斯克雷波斯及天地诺神为证,鄙人敬谨直誓,愿以自身能力及判断力所及,遵守此约.
凡授我艺者,敬之如父母,作为终身同业伴侣,彼有急需,我接济之.视彼儿女,犹我兄弟,如欲受业,当免费并无条件传授之.凡我所知,无论口授书传,俱传之吾与吾师之子及发誓遵守此约之生徒,此外不传与他人.
Reference Translation
Text A
希波克拉底誓言经典版
我愿尽余之能力与判断力所及,遵守为病家谋利益之信条,并检柬一切堕落和害人行为,我不得将危害药品给与他人,并不作该项之指导,虽有人请求亦必不与之.尤不为妇人施堕胎手术.我愿以此纯洁与神圣之精神,终身执行我职务.
Reference Translation
凡患结石者,我不施手术,此则有待于专家为之.无论至于何处,遇男或女,贵人及奴婢,我之唯一目的,为病家谋幸福,并检点吾身,不作各种害人及恶劣行为,尤不作诱奸之事.凡我所见所闻,无论有无业务关系,我认为应守秘密者,我愿保守秘密.尚使我严守上述誓言时,请求神祗让我生命与医术能得无上光荣,我苟违誓,天地鬼神实共亟之.
Reference Translation
希波克拉底誓言现代版
我宣誓要尽我最大的努力和我的最好判断力去实现我的誓言:
我将非常尊重和学习我们的医学前辈历尽千辛万苦所获得的科学成果及医学知识.我也将十分乐意去传授这些知识给我的后来者及未来的医生.
为了病人本人的利益,我将采取一切必要的诊断和治疗的措施,同时,我一定要避免两种不正当的倾向:即过度治疗或无作用的治疗.
Reference Translation
我将牢记尽管医学是一门(严谨的)科学,但是医生本人对病人的爱心,同情心,及理解有时比外科的手术刀和药物还重要.
我不知道的时候就要说"我不知道",我不应该为此感到羞愧.如果其它的专业人士能帮上我的病人的忙,我会请求他们的帮助.
我将尊重病人的隐私.我知道病人告诉我的有关他们疾病的情况别人不应该知道.极为重要的是我的工作常常与病人生死有关.如果经我治疗救了一条命, 我会感谢所有帮助过我的人.如果病人经我治疗无效而死,这个非常重大的责任应当促使我虚心检讨我自己的不足.同时,我要记住,我是医生但不是上帝(我不能因为一个病人的罪恶而耽误他的治疗.)
Reference Translation
我要让自己记住,我不是在治疗一张病人发烧的记录纸也不是恶性肿瘤本身, 而是一个活生生的人.他的病可能会影响到他的家人以及造成沉重的家庭经济负担.我的责任是要考虑到所有的这些事.这样做,才是真正替病人着想.
Reference Translation
我将尽可能的参与预防疾病工作.因为预防永远胜过治疗.
我将记住我永远是社会的一员.我对社会也负有一定责任.我知道组成这个社会的成员可以是心身健康的也可能是不健康的.
我会遵循我的誓言,这样我会生活和行医愉快.我活着的时候希望得到大家的尊重,我离开人世以后希望大家记住我为他们做过的有益的事.对于来求助于我的病人,我一定要拿出我最精湛的医术,当看到他们身体康复的时候我会倍感愉快.
The Hippocratic Oath
Lead-in activities
Topic discussion
1. What should a doctor do for his patients
2. What, in your opinion, can make a qualified doctor How do you understand the word " qualified"
Background introduction
About the author: Hippocrates
1. Greek physician, born in 460 BC on the island of Cos, Greece;
2. the founder of medicine, the greatest physician of his time.
Background introduction
About the author: Hippocrates
3. He based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body. He held the belief that illness had a physical and a rational explanation. He rejected the views of his time that considered illness to be caused by superstitions and by possession of evil spirits and disfavor of the gods.
Background introduction
About the author: Hippocrates
4. He held the belief that the body must be treated as a whole and not just a series of parts. He accurately described disease symptoms and was the first physician to accurately describe the symptoms of pneumonia, as well as epilepsy in children.
About the author: Hippocrates
4. He believed in the natural healing process of rest, a good diet, fresh air and cleanliness. He noted that there were individual differences in the severity of disease symptoms and that some individuals were better able to cope with their disease and illness than others. He was also the first physician that held the belief that thoughts, ideas, and feelings come from the brain and not the heart as others of his time believed.
Background introduction
About the author: Hippocrates
5. Hippocrates traveled throughout Greece practicing his medicine. He founded a medical school on the island of Cos, Greece and began teaching his ideas. He soon developed an Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians to follow. This Oath is taken by physicians today as they begin their medical practice. He died in 377 BC. Today Hippocrates is known as the "Father of Medicine".
Background introduction
About the topic
This oath, the oldest and best-known expression of a medical ethic, was for centuries regarded as the guide for proper medical conduct. Although the accomplishments of modern medicine appear to have taken the discipline far from its ancient roots, the oath continues to offer a powerful account of what it means to be a doctor.
Background introduction
Ancient Greek Medicine
Ancient Greece was much different to the Greece of today. In Ancient Times Greece was a collection of City States. Each of these was independent from the others but shared a similar culture and religious beliefs. Despite the lack of a coherent government, the Greeks developed a society that matched, if not bettered( 改进) , that of the Ancient Egyptians.
Background introduction
Ancient Greek Medicine
Medical practice in Ancient Greece, like Egypt, was based largely upon religious beliefs. The Ancient Greeks made major strides in medical knowledge. The works of Hippocrates and his followers led to several scientific facts, and perhaps more significantly, the work of these philosophers began a tradition of studying the cause of disease rather than looking solely at the symptoms when prescribing a cure._
Background introduction
Apollo: one of the great Greek divinities, associated with light, truth and prophecy.
Asclepius: child of Apollo, the "father of medicine"
Hygieia and Panaceia: daughters of Asclepius, meaning "health, living well, and healing well"
Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version
I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures which are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.
Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version
I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant (Note: a formal solemn agreement) :
I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow.
Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery.
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care ( note: fig. be careful) in matters of life and death. If it is given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own frailty (note: a weakness of character or behaviour). Above all, I must not play at God.
Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version
I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure.
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm.
Hippocratic Oath -- Modern Version
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.
--Written in 1964 by Louis Lasagna, Academic Dean of the School of Medicine at Tufts University, and used in many medical schools today.
Text Analysis Para. 1
swear (swore, sworn):
1. to make a very serious promise (严肃的承诺)
swear to do sth. //swear that…..
Caterina swore never to return home.
swear on/by: 以…..发誓
Do you swear on your honor never to disclose the news
Text Analysis Para. 1
swear (swore, sworn):
2. to make a public official promise, especially in a court of law (公开承诺)
swear an oath
3. to use offensive language 冒犯性语言
swear like a trooper 破口大骂
Text Analysis Para.2
To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him
"To treat the person who taught me medicine as dear as my parents; to share with me what I have, and if necessary, to share with me my possession/wealth."
Text Analysis Para.2
in common with sb/sth (modern) : in the same way as someone or something else
In common with a lot of other countries, we're in an economic recession.
Text Analysis Para.2
to teach them this art if they so desire without fee or written promise;…
Here in this sentence we can see "so desire", which means "want or hope for something very much",
e.g. I so desire to visit the famous Buckingham Palace.
However, we can also meet "desire so", which means "want to get or do something that has been mentioned before", e.g. My brother wanted to be a Nobel Prize winner, and I desire so, too.
Text Analysis Para.2
to impart to my sons and the sons of the master who taught me and the disciples who have enrolled themselves and have agreed to the rules of the profession,…
"to give knowledge to my sons and the sons of my teacher and his students, who have decided to study medicine and observe the rules of being a doctor,…"
Text Analysis Para.2
impart: to give information, knowledge, wisdom etc to someone
She imparted the secret to her boyfriend.
enroll: to officially arrange to join a school, university or course, or arrange for someone else to
There were 500 people enrolled in the Western Civilization class.
Text Analysis Para.2
To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death….
"I will never prescribe a deadly drug to please someone, and I will never give my patients any advice that may cause him to die".
Text Analysis Para.2
pessary: a contraceptive chemical
procure( formal): to obtain sth., especially something that is difficult to get
procure sth for sb. Procure sb sth
Text Analysis Para.2
stone: disease
be they free or slaves
subjunctive mood, meaning " whether they are free or slaves"
…in daily commerce with …( old-fashioned)
…in the everyday contact with people (especially, patients) around me…
commerce (modern): the buying and selling of goods and services; trade
Text Analysis Para.2
If I keep this faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot."
If I keep the oath, I will enjoy my life and be a good doctor, I will be respected by all men and all time; however, if I break the oath, I will not enjoy my life, be a good doctor, I will be despised.
Text Analysis Para.2
Swerve: v.
1. to make a sudden sideways movement while moving forwards, especially in order to avoid hitting something
He swerved to avoid a dog.
2. swerve from( formal, usually in negatives)
to change from an idea, course or action, purpose, etc.
He vowed that he would not swerve from his declared aims.
Homework
What do you expect is the Hippocratic Oath's relevance in the 21st century
What is the general condition of today's medical profession
Homework
Translation: 医学生誓言
Reference key to the Exercises
3. 1) took to 2) imparts 3) procure
4) abortion 5) manifest 6) seduction
7) swerved 8) reversed 9) lot
10) commercial
Reference Translation
Text A
希波克拉底誓言经典版
仰赖医神阿波罗·埃斯克雷波斯及天地诺神为证,鄙人敬谨直誓,愿以自身能力及判断力所及,遵守此约.
凡授我艺者,敬之如父母,作为终身同业伴侣,彼有急需,我接济之.视彼儿女,犹我兄弟,如欲受业,当免费并无条件传授之.凡我所知,无论口授书传,俱传之吾与吾师之子及发誓遵守此约之生徒,此外不传与他人.
Reference Translation
Text A
希波克拉底誓言经典版
我愿尽余之能力与判断力所及,遵守为病家谋利益之信条,并检柬一切堕落和害人行为,我不得将危害药品给与他人,并不作该项之指导,虽有人请求亦必不与之.尤不为妇人施堕胎手术.我愿以此纯洁与神圣之精神,终身执行我职务.
Reference Translation
凡患结石者,我不施手术,此则有待于专家为之.无论至于何处,遇男或女,贵人及奴婢,我之唯一目的,为病家谋幸福,并检点吾身,不作各种害人及恶劣行为,尤不作诱奸之事.凡我所见所闻,无论有无业务关系,我认为应守秘密者,我愿保守秘密.尚使我严守上述誓言时,请求神祗让我生命与医术能得无上光荣,我苟违誓,天地鬼神实共亟之.
Reference Translation
希波克拉底誓言现代版
我宣誓要尽我最大的努力和我的最好判断力去实现我的誓言:
我将非常尊重和学习我们的医学前辈历尽千辛万苦所获得的科学成果及医学知识.我也将十分乐意去传授这些知识给我的后来者及未来的医生.
为了病人本人的利益,我将采取一切必要的诊断和治疗的措施,同时,我一定要避免两种不正当的倾向:即过度治疗或无作用的治疗.
Reference Translation
我将牢记尽管医学是一门(严谨的)科学,但是医生本人对病人的爱心,同情心,及理解有时比外科的手术刀和药物还重要.
我不知道的时候就要说"我不知道",我不应该为此感到羞愧.如果其它的专业人士能帮上我的病人的忙,我会请求他们的帮助.
我将尊重病人的隐私.我知道病人告诉我的有关他们疾病的情况别人不应该知道.极为重要的是我的工作常常与病人生死有关.如果经我治疗救了一条命, 我会感谢所有帮助过我的人.如果病人经我治疗无效而死,这个非常重大的责任应当促使我虚心检讨我自己的不足.同时,我要记住,我是医生但不是上帝(我不能因为一个病人的罪恶而耽误他的治疗.)
Reference Translation
我要让自己记住,我不是在治疗一张病人发烧的记录纸也不是恶性肿瘤本身, 而是一个活生生的人.他的病可能会影响到他的家人以及造成沉重的家庭经济负担.我的责任是要考虑到所有的这些事.这样做,才是真正替病人着想.
Reference Translation
我将尽可能的参与预防疾病工作.因为预防永远胜过治疗.
我将记住我永远是社会的一员.我对社会也负有一定责任.我知道组成这个社会的成员可以是心身健康的也可能是不健康的.
我会遵循我的誓言,这样我会生活和行医愉快.我活着的时候希望得到大家的尊重,我离开人世以后希望大家记住我为他们做过的有益的事.对于来求助于我的病人,我一定要拿出我最精湛的医术,当看到他们身体康复的时候我会倍感愉快.
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