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Section B.3
Farming technology and main developments in world
世界农业的技术及主要发展
Farming technology and main developments in world
世界农业的技术及主要发展
Mechanization机械化
Use of fertilizers 化学肥料
Disease and pest control病菌和害虫的控制
Introduction of new varieties引入新品种
(Green revolution绿色革命)
Irrigation灌溉
Mechanization机械化
Advantages优点
1. Speed速度
more quickly更快速
e.g. preparation of a padi-field准备稻田
-buffalo-plough水牛拉犁翻土: 90hrs/hectare 公顷
-tractor 拖拉机: 7.5 hrs/hectare 公顷
1.Speed速度
a) - spring春天/ autumn秋
- harvesting before crop is spoiled by frost or rain在未受结霜及春雨损坏前收割
b) - a tight working schedule紧密的工作程度
-double- cropping 2造收成
-mixed farms混合式农田
2. reduced labor减少劳工投入
-substitutes labor代替劳工
especially important to farming regions where land is abundant but farming manpower is inadequate.对那些土地广阔但农业人手不足的地方 , 特别重要
e.g.-cotton plantations of southern USA / wheat farming of SE Australia美国南部棉花企业农场 / 澳洲东南部的小麦农业
- population is sparse人口稀少
-introduction of machine can increase productivity per worker引进机械可以增加劳工的生产力
3. Better quality, less wastage 质素较佳, 浪费少
cleaner较清洁 , high value of crop农作物价值上升
healthy健康
less wastage少浪费
(两用收割机 combine-harvest : 由一步骤到另一个的流失/损失少less lost from one process to other )
decrease human error 减少人为错误
4. cheapness便宜
-in long term长期
-in the case of harvesting, machines are also much cheaper than employing extra labor.特别在收割季节 , 使用机器比额外聘请人手更便宜
Problems 困难
~a lack of proper planning缺乏适当计划
a.) unemployment失业
in society with traditionally labor-intensive agricultures传统劳工密集的农会社会
farmers lose jobs农夫失业
on the other hand 另一方面
shortage of skilled men技术人员缺乏
no time available for training 培训时间少
high wages for those skilled labor技术劳工薪金高
b. ) over equipment 设施过多
equipment for a special purpose设备过於专门
only used at certain time只适用於某些时段
uneconomic经济效益少
specially in small fields 特别在小型农田
solution : co-operatives合作社
c.) machine management 管理机器
-use too much使用太多
-use too little使用太少
-use wrongly使用错误
Thus 因此~likely to deteriorate容易折旧
less efficient效率低
lost of production rise成本上升
solution---training 培训
--- provision of repair and maintenance service 提供保养及维修服务
d.) uneven mechanization 机械分布不均
The rich practice mechanization but nor do the poor
富有者使用机械但贫者则不能
Association有关条件
High level of mechanization is often associated with 机械水平高与……..有关
-Advanced regions先进地方
-Rich farmer 富有农户
-High level of education教育水平高
-Low population人口稀少
-Large farms农田广大
-Well developed transport network运输系统完善
-Commercial / export-oriented farming system
商业性 / 出口导向的农业系统
Green revolution绿色革命
1. Development of high-yielding varieties of cereal crops发展收成高的谷类品种
a.)Traditional strains传统品种
: application off fertilizer引用化肥
b.)Crossing/ hybridization混种
:disease resistance抗病, hardiness坚硬 , shorter stem短茎
c.)I R 8 (miracle rice神奇稻米)
:Short strong stem 短而且强壮的茎
high grain yield谷物的收成
: unpalatable 不美味
2. Improvement in farm technology 农业技术的发展
-fertilizer 化肥
-weed killers除草剂
-insecticides杀虫剂
-irrigation scheme灌溉工程
Problems困难
~small farm size 农田面积细小
~falling price价钱下降
Stability within an agricultural system农业系统的稳定性
In a natural ecosystem在自然的生态系统中
the stability is maintained by稳定性由……….维持
1. solar energy太阳能
2. nutrients supplied by the nature 自然界提供的养份
3. complex ecological linkages复杂的生态联系
~self-maintained自我维持 自我运作
~more stable更稳定
In an agricultural system在农业系统中
the stability is maintained by稳定性由…….维持
1. heavy input of fossil fuels大量的矿物燃料
(eg use of machines使用机械 , fertilizers肥料 , electricity电力)
~unstable 不稳定
~it requires much human efforts to keep it in desirable conditions
需要很多的人类力量来保持理想状态
~vulnerable to weeds and pests problems
易受野草及害虫问题困扰
完
Farming technology and main developments in world
世界农业的技术及主要发展
Farming technology and main developments in world
世界农业的技术及主要发展
Mechanization机械化
Use of fertilizers 化学肥料
Disease and pest control病菌和害虫的控制
Introduction of new varieties引入新品种
(Green revolution绿色革命)
Irrigation灌溉
Mechanization机械化
Advantages优点
1. Speed速度
more quickly更快速
e.g. preparation of a padi-field准备稻田
-buffalo-plough水牛拉犁翻土: 90hrs/hectare 公顷
-tractor 拖拉机: 7.5 hrs/hectare 公顷
1.Speed速度
a) - spring春天/ autumn秋
- harvesting before crop is spoiled by frost or rain在未受结霜及春雨损坏前收割
b) - a tight working schedule紧密的工作程度
-double- cropping 2造收成
-mixed farms混合式农田
2. reduced labor减少劳工投入
-substitutes labor代替劳工
especially important to farming regions where land is abundant but farming manpower is inadequate.对那些土地广阔但农业人手不足的地方 , 特别重要
e.g.-cotton plantations of southern USA / wheat farming of SE Australia美国南部棉花企业农场 / 澳洲东南部的小麦农业
- population is sparse人口稀少
-introduction of machine can increase productivity per worker引进机械可以增加劳工的生产力
3. Better quality, less wastage 质素较佳, 浪费少
cleaner较清洁 , high value of crop农作物价值上升
healthy健康
less wastage少浪费
(两用收割机 combine-harvest : 由一步骤到另一个的流失/损失少less lost from one process to other )
decrease human error 减少人为错误
4. cheapness便宜
-in long term长期
-in the case of harvesting, machines are also much cheaper than employing extra labor.特别在收割季节 , 使用机器比额外聘请人手更便宜
Problems 困难
~a lack of proper planning缺乏适当计划
a.) unemployment失业
in society with traditionally labor-intensive agricultures传统劳工密集的农会社会
farmers lose jobs农夫失业
on the other hand 另一方面
shortage of skilled men技术人员缺乏
no time available for training 培训时间少
high wages for those skilled labor技术劳工薪金高
b. ) over equipment 设施过多
equipment for a special purpose设备过於专门
only used at certain time只适用於某些时段
uneconomic经济效益少
specially in small fields 特别在小型农田
solution : co-operatives合作社
c.) machine management 管理机器
-use too much使用太多
-use too little使用太少
-use wrongly使用错误
Thus 因此~likely to deteriorate容易折旧
less efficient效率低
lost of production rise成本上升
solution---training 培训
--- provision of repair and maintenance service 提供保养及维修服务
d.) uneven mechanization 机械分布不均
The rich practice mechanization but nor do the poor
富有者使用机械但贫者则不能
Association有关条件
High level of mechanization is often associated with 机械水平高与……..有关
-Advanced regions先进地方
-Rich farmer 富有农户
-High level of education教育水平高
-Low population人口稀少
-Large farms农田广大
-Well developed transport network运输系统完善
-Commercial / export-oriented farming system
商业性 / 出口导向的农业系统
Green revolution绿色革命
1. Development of high-yielding varieties of cereal crops发展收成高的谷类品种
a.)Traditional strains传统品种
: application off fertilizer引用化肥
b.)Crossing/ hybridization混种
:disease resistance抗病, hardiness坚硬 , shorter stem短茎
c.)I R 8 (miracle rice神奇稻米)
:Short strong stem 短而且强壮的茎
high grain yield谷物的收成
: unpalatable 不美味
2. Improvement in farm technology 农业技术的发展
-fertilizer 化肥
-weed killers除草剂
-insecticides杀虫剂
-irrigation scheme灌溉工程
Problems困难
~small farm size 农田面积细小
~falling price价钱下降
Stability within an agricultural system农业系统的稳定性
In a natural ecosystem在自然的生态系统中
the stability is maintained by稳定性由……….维持
1. solar energy太阳能
2. nutrients supplied by the nature 自然界提供的养份
3. complex ecological linkages复杂的生态联系
~self-maintained自我维持 自我运作
~more stable更稳定
In an agricultural system在农业系统中
the stability is maintained by稳定性由…….维持
1. heavy input of fossil fuels大量的矿物燃料
(eg use of machines使用机械 , fertilizers肥料 , electricity电力)
~unstable 不稳定
~it requires much human efforts to keep it in desirable conditions
需要很多的人类力量来保持理想状态
~vulnerable to weeds and pests problems
易受野草及害虫问题困扰
完
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